Consider the force of a macrodipole produced by a dielectric boundary. It is NOT zero, but rather twice the force of each charge on the dipole. The limit as the size of the macrodipole is made smaller is undetermined until the details of the limiting process are specified. If the dipole is made infinitely small, and then the force is calculated, the force is zero. If the dipole is kept finite, the force calcualted, and then the limit taken, the force is finite. POINT is compute the forces and then take the averages ======================== Return Address for email: beisenbe@rush.edu Bob aka RS Eisenberg Bard Endowed Professor and Chairman Dept of Molecular Biophysics & Physiology Rush Medical Center 1653 West Congress Parkway Chicago IL 60612 USA Office Location: Room 1291 of Jelke Building at 1750 West Harrison Email: beisenbe@rush.edu Voice: +312-942-6467 FAX: +312-942-8711 FAX to Email: +801-504-8665 Department WebSite: http://www.phys.rush.edu/ Personal WebSite: http://www.phys.rush.edu/RSEisenberg/ ====================================